LinkedIn Industry Performance Analysis: Nepal 2017-2024#
This notebook analyses LinkedIn Hiring Rate, Skills and Skills Penetration by Gender in Nepal.
LinkedIn Hiring Rate#
╒════╤══════════════════════════╤═══════════════╤═══════════╤═══════════╤════════════════════╤════════════════════════════╕
│ │ │ Average LHR │ Max LHR │ Min LHR │ Volatility (STD) │ Growth Trend (2024-2017) │
╞════╪══════════════════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════╪═══════════╪════════════════════╪════════════════════════════╡
│ 0 │ Emerging Industries │ -0.0542268 │ 1.05542 │ -0.56216 │ 0.410109 │ -0.1525 │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────────────┤
│ 1 │ Growing Industries │ 0.221366 │ 5.1238 │ -0.76608 │ 0.826284 │ -0.2304 │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────────────┤
│ 2 │ Leading Industries │ 0.553833 │ 3.34948 │ -0.38066 │ 1.07432 │ -0.27526 │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────────────┤
│ 3 │ Transitioning Industries │ 0.138992 │ 2.48764 │ -0.71836 │ 0.636201 │ -0.01384 │
╘════╧══════════════════════════╧═══════════════╧═══════════╧═══════════╧════════════════════╧════════════════════════════╛
Insights
There are 20 types of industries covered in the LinkedIn dataset. They have been divided into four groups for convenience of study. The groups are based on the average YoY hiring rate from 2017 to 2024.
Quartile #1: Leading industries (0.27–1.19% avg LHR)
Real Estate and Equipment Rental Services leads with the highest average LHR (1.19%), but shows the sharpest negative growth trend (-2.04%), suggesting a post-peak decline.
Accommodation and Food Services has a high average LHR (0.49%) and shows slight negative growth in 2024 (-0.085%).
Holding Companies, with data only from mid-2024, shows high recent LHR (1.16%) and the highest growth trend (1.47%), likely reflecting recent entry or reactivation.
Education has a moderate average LHR (0.27%) but a steady negative growth trend (-0.71%) and a negative LHR in 2024 (-0.29%).
This group includes historically strong sectors, though most are now slowing down or reversing in hiring momentum. In addition, is the category with the most volatility.
Quartile #2: Growing Industries (0.19–0.25% avg LHR)
Entertainment Providers has the highest average LHR in this group (0.25%) and strong hiring momentum, with 2024 LHR at 0.82% and a growth trend of 0.72%.
Technology, Information and Media shows a moderate average LHR (0.22%) but a declining growth trend (-0.40%) and slightly negative 2024 LHR (-0.047%).
Administrative and Support Services and Hospitals and Health Care have similar averages (~0.21%) and positive growth trends (0.17% and 0.19% respectively), indicating stable or improving demand.
Manufacturing shows a decline with a large negative trend (-1.83%), despite a solid average LHR (0.20%).
These industries display moderate volatility and mixed trends.
Quartile #3: Transitioning Industries (0.10–0.18% avg LHR)
Construction leads the group with 0.18% average LHR, a positive LHR in 2024 (0.17%) but a negative growth trend (-0.18%).
Government Administration (0.14% average) and Oil, Gas, and Mining (0.12%) both show positive growth trends (0.36% and 0.42% respectively), signaling recovery.
Professional Services and Financial Services show declining trends (-0.26% and -0.40%) despite moderate average LHRs.
Most industries in this group show stable hiring with slight dips, but some (like Government and Energy) are gaining traction.
Quartile #4: Emerging Industries (-0.19–0.10% avg LHR)
Retail is at the top of this quartile (0.10%) but shows a negative growth trend (-0.60%) and 2024 LHR of -0.22%.
Consumer Services, though lower in average LHR (0.03%), shows a positive growth trend (0.19%) and improving hiring indicators.
Transportation, Logistics, and Storage stands out with a negative average LHR (-0.09%) but a strong 2024 LHR (0.46%) and the highest growth trend (0.56%) in this group.
Utilities and Wholesale show a decline, with negative trends (-0.65% and -0.26%) and 2024 LHRs at -0.82% and -0.12%, respectively.
This group shows the lowest volatility overall, but includes a mix of dormant and re-emerging sectors.
Skills Distribution Analysis in Nepal’s Labor Market#
This analysis shows the top skills in each industries from LinkedIn skills assumed and mentioned by its users.
Transferability of Skills#
Skills that most appear across industries
╒════╤══════════════════════════╤════════════════════════╤═══════════════════════════════════╕
│ │ │ Number of Industries │ Industries │
╞════╪══════════════════════════╪════════════════════════╪═══════════════════════════════════╡
│ 0 │ Tally ERP │ 5 │ Financial Services │
│ │ │ │ Manufacturing │
│ │ │ │ Real Estate and Equipment Rental │
│ │ │ │ Services │
│ │ │ │ Retail │
│ │ │ │ Wholesale │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 1 │ Civil Engineering │ 4 │ Construction │
│ │ │ │ Oil, Gas, and Mining │
│ │ │ │ Real Estate and Equipment Rental │
│ │ │ │ Services │
│ │ │ │ Utilities │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 2 │ Construction Engineering │ 3 │ Construction │
│ │ │ │ Real Estate and Equipment Rental │
│ │ │ │ Services │
│ │ │ │ Utilities │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 3 │ Hydropower │ 3 │ Manufacturing │
│ │ │ │ Oil, Gas, and Mining │
│ │ │ │ Utilities │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 4 │ ETABS │ 3 │ Construction │
│ │ │ │ Real Estate and Equipment Rental │
│ │ │ │ Services │
│ │ │ │ Utilities │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 5 │ AutoCAD │ 2 │ Oil, Gas, and Mining │
│ │ │ │ Real Estate and Equipment Rental │
│ │ │ │ Services │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 6 │ Educational Leadership │ 2 │ Education │
│ │ │ │ Government Administration │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 7 │ Laravel │ 2 │ Professional Services │
│ │ │ │ Technology, Information and Media │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 8 │ HTML │ 2 │ Professional Services │
│ │ │ │ Technology, Information and Media │
├────┼──────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│ 9 │ Capacity Building │ 2 │ Consumer Services │
│ │ │ │ Government Administration │
╘════╧══════════════════════════╧════════════════════════╧═══════════════════════════════════╛
Insights
The most transferable skills in Nepal’s LinkedIn dataset are technical and operational, with Tally ERP leading across five industries including finance, manufacturing, and retail, indicating its widespread utility in business operations.
Core engineering skills like Civil Engineering, Construction Engineering, and tools like ETABS and AutoCAD appear across infrastructure-related sectors such as construction, utilities, oil and gas, and real estate. Meanwhile, skills like Laravel, HTML, and Hydropower highlight growing relevance in digital services and renewable energy.
Skills that least appear across industries
╒════╤═════════════════════════╤════════════════════════╤═════════════════════════════════════╕
│ │ │ Number of Industries │ Industries │
╞════╪═════════════════════════╪════════════════════════╪═════════════════════════════════════╡
│ 0 │ Science │ 1 │ Farming, Ranching, Forestry │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 1 │ Retail Sales │ 1 │ Retail │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 2 │ Restaurant Management │ 1 │ Accommodation and Food Services │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 3 │ Retail │ 1 │ Retail │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 4 │ Student Counseling │ 1 │ Education │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 5 │ Structural Analysis │ 1 │ Construction │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 6 │ Sales and Marketing │ 1 │ Wholesale │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 7 │ Sustainable Agriculture │ 1 │ Farming, Ranching, Forestry │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 8 │ Tour Operators │ 1 │ Administrative and Support Services │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 9 │ Tourism │ 1 │ Administrative and Support Services │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 10 │ Sustainable Development │ 1 │ Farming, Ranching, Forestry │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 11 │ Teaching │ 1 │ Education │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 12 │ Travel Management │ 1 │ Administrative and Support Services │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 13 │ Transmission Lines │ 1 │ Utilities │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 14 │ University Lecturing │ 1 │ Education │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 15 │ Travel and Tourism │ 1 │ Administrative and Support Services │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 16 │ University Teaching │ 1 │ Education │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 17 │ Video Editing │ 1 │ Entertainment Providers │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 18 │ Visual Merchandising │ 1 │ Retail │
├────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 19 │ Yoga Instruction │ 1 │ Entertainment Providers │
╘════╧═════════════════════════╧════════════════════════╧═════════════════════════════════════╛
Insights
The skills listed here appear in only one industry each, indicating low transferability and high specialization:
Technical and infrastructure skills like
Restaurant Management,Structural Analysis,University Lecturing, andTourismare tied to specific industries such as Accommodation and Food Services, Construction, and Education.Creative and retail-oriented skills like
Fashion Illustration,Retail Sales, andVisual Merchandisingare exclusive to Retail.Human services and education skills such as
Student Counseling,Teaching, andCommunicationappear only in Education.Wellness-related skills like
Yoga InstructionandYogaare confined to Entertainment Providers.
Skills in the leading and growing industries#
The skills that appear across different industries are colored differently.
| Industry | Accommodation and Food Services | Administrative and Support Services | Education | Entertainment Providers | Farming, Ranching, Forestry | Holding Companies | Hospitals and Health Care | Manufacturing | Real Estate and Equipment Rental Services | Technology, Information and Media |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Hospitality Industry | Trekking | Nepali | Nepali | Agriculture | Leadership | Clinical Research | Nepali | Tally ERP | React.js |
| 1 | Hospitality Management | Tour Operators | University Lecturing | Film Direction | Organic Farming | None | Medicine | Tally ERP | Real Estate | JavaScript |
| 2 | Food and Beverage Operations | Adventure Travel | Career Counseling | Music Production | Agricultural Production | None | Healthcare | Pharmaceutics | ETABS | Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) |
| 3 | Hotel Management | Tourism | Student Counseling | Trekking | Sustainable Agriculture | None | Hospitals | Automotive | Commercial Real Estate | Git |
| 4 | Barista | Travel Management | Teaching | Cinematography | Farms | None | Medical Education | Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) | Construction Engineering | Node.js |
| 5 | Cooking | Mountaineering | C (Programming Language) | Music | Horticulture | None | Healthcare Management | Mechanical Engineering | Civil Engineering | MySQL |
| 6 | Culinary Arts | Guided Tours | Python (Programming Language) | Film Production | Agribusiness | None | Nepali | Pharmaceutical Sales | Residential Real Estate | HTML |
| 7 | Pre-opening | Nepali | Higher Education | Yoga Instruction | Science | None | Critical Care Medicine | Manufacturing | Site Supervision | Nepali |
| 8 | Restaurant Management | Leisure Travel | University Teaching | Video Editing | Proposal Writing | None | Emergency Medicine | Hydropower | Land Surveying | jQuery |
| 9 | Catering | Travel and Tourism | Educational Leadership | Film | Sustainable Development | None | Patient Safety | SOLIDWORKS | AutoCAD | Laravel |
Skills in the industries in the bottom half of Avg LHR#
| Industry | Construction | Consumer Services | Financial Services | Government Administration | Oil, Gas, and Mining | Professional Services | Retail | Transportation, Logistics, Supply Chain and Storage | Utilities | Wholesale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ETABS | Nepali | Banking | Nepali | Hydropower | JavaScript | Nepali | Airlines | Hydropower | Tally ERP |
| 1 | Civil Engineering | Capacity Building | Commercial Banking | Capacity Building | Geological Mapping | Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) | Tally ERP | Aviation | PLS-CADD | Nepali |
| 2 | SAP2000 | Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) | Retail Banking | Program Evaluation | Geology | Nepali | Retail | Aircraft Maintenance | CYME | Cement |
| 3 | Construction Engineering | Program Evaluation | Credit | Policy Analysis | Mineral Exploration | React.js | Retail Sales | Commercial Aviation | Transmission Lines | Industrial Sales |
| 4 | Structural Analysis | Community Development | Tally ERP | Educational Leadership | Agricultural Production | jQuery | Fashion Design | Airports | ETABS | Management Information Systems (MIS) |
| 5 | Civil Engineering Design | Proposal Writing | Nepali | International Development | Petroleum | Laravel | Merchandising | Aircraft | Construction Engineering | Hindi |
| 6 | Site Supervision | Nonprofit Organizations | Loans | Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) | Civil Engineering | Git | Store Management | Flight Safety | HEC-RAS | Market Planning |
| 7 | Construction Estimating | Program Development | Credit Analysis | Career Counseling | Agriculture | HTML | Fashion | Civil Aviation | Autodesk Civil 3D | Sales Operations |
| 8 | Roads | International Development | Finacle | Curriculum Development | Oil and Gas | MySQL | Apparel | Ground Handling | Electrical Engineering | Sales and Marketing |
| 9 | Highways | Fundraising | Credit Risk Management | Public Policy | AutoCAD | PHP | Visual Merchandising | Airworthiness | Civil Engineering | Store Management |
Skills by Industry and Gender#
df = df[~(df['Industry'].isin(['Transportation, Logistics, Supply Chain and Storage', 'Wholesale', 'Entertainment Providers']))]
C:\Users\wb614536\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_16428\1745238471.py:30: FutureWarning: Styler.applymap has been deprecated. Use Styler.map instead.
styled = pivoted.style.applymap(highlight_repeats)
| Accommodation and Food Services | Administrative and Support Services | Construction | Consumer Services | Education | Financial Services | Government Administration | Hospitals and Health Care | Manufacturing | Professional Services | Retail | Technology, Information and Media | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | male |
| HospitalityManagement | HospitalityManagement | Trekking | Trekking | ETABS | ETABS | Nepali | CapacityBuilding | Nepali | Nepali | TallyERP | CommercialBanking | Nepali | Nepali | Nursing | ClinicalResearch | Nepali | Nepali | Nepali | Nepali | Nepali | Nepali | Nepali | Nepali |
| Barista | Pre-opening | Mountaineering | TourOperators | SAP2000 | SAP2000 | CapacityBuilding | Nepali | StudentCounseling | UniversityLecturing | Nepali | RetailBanking | CapacityBuilding | CapacityBuilding | NursingManagement | Medicine | TallyERP | TallyERP | TallyERP | Laravel | TallyERP | TallyERP | JMeter | React.js |
| HotelManagement | Barista | TourOperators | AdventureTravel | StructuralAnalysis | ConstructionEngineering | ProgramEvaluation | Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs) | InternationalAdmissions | CareerCounseling | CommercialBanking | Loans | ProgramEvaluation | ProgramEvaluation | CriticalCareNursing | MedicalEducation | TaxDeductedatSource(TDS) | PharmaceuticalSales | Lumion | TallyERP | FashionStyling | RetailSales | CascadingStyleSheets(CSS) | Laravel |
| HospitalityIndustry | HotelManagement | Nepali | Nepali | CivilEngineering | CivilEngineering | Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs) | ProgramEvaluation | UniversityLecturing | StudentCounseling | Banking | TallyERP | InternationalDevelopment | PolicyAnalysis | CriticalCareMedicine | Hospitals | Pharmaceutics | Pharmaceutics | Laravel | React.js | FashionDesign | StoreManagement | React.js | JavaScript |
| Pre-opening | HospitalityIndustry | AdventureTravel | LeisureTravel | ConstructionEngineering | CivilEngineeringDesign | CommunityDevelopment | CommunityDevelopment | CareerCounseling | HigherEducationTeaching | RetailBanking | Nepali | PolicyAnalysis | InternationalDevelopment | ClinicalResearch | Healthcare | GoodManufacturingPractice(GMP) | Automotive | CascadingStyleSheets(CSS) | jQuery | FashionIllustration | Merchandising | JavaScript | Node.js |
| BaristaTraining | BanquetOperations | AirlineTicketing | GuidedTours | CivilEngineeringDesign | ConstructionEstimating | ProposalWriting | NonprofitOrganizations | CurriculumDevelopment | HigherEducation | Finacle | Banking | Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs) | Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs) | EmergencyNursing | HealthcareManagement | PharmaceuticalSales | Hydropower | APITesting | CascadingStyleSheets(CSS) | Arts&Crafts | Retail | Django | Git |
| Nepali | Cooking | LeisureIndustry | Mountaineering | SiteSupervision | StructuralAnalysis | NonprofitOrganizations | ProgramDevelopment | AdmissionsCounseling | CounselorEducation | Loans | Credit | StudentCounseling | EducationalLeadership | BasicLifeSupport(BLS) | Nepali | Hindi | GoodManufacturingPractice(GMP) | ManualTesting | JavaScript | Fashion | MicrosoftDynamicsNAV | HTML | Next.js |
| FoodandBeverageOperations | FoodPreparation | TravelandTourism | TravelManagement | CivilEngineers | SiteEngineering | InternationalDevelopment | ProposalWriting | EducationalLeadership | UniversityTeaching | Credit | CreditAnalysis | CommunityDevelopment | CurriculumDevelopment | Healthcare | PublicHealth | Pharmacy | Hindi | HTML | Git | MakeupArtistry | RetailOperations | APITesting | CascadingStyleSheets(CSS) |
| MICROS | CulinaryArts | Tourism | TourPlanning | SiteEngineering | Highways | ProgramDevelopment | InternationalDevelopment | CounselorEducation | Teaching | CreditAnalysis | Finacle | ProposalWriting | CommunityDevelopment | NursingEducation | Surgery | StandardOperatingProcedure(SOP) | CATIA | JMeter | Bootstrap(Framework) | Apparel | Hindi | Laravel | Django |
| GuestSatisfaction | FoodandBeverageOperations | LeisureTravel | TourPackages | STAAD-Pro | Roads | PolicyAnalysis | DisasterRiskReduction | Teaching | C(ProgrammingLanguage) | BankingServices | CreditRiskManagement | PublicPolicy | PublicPolicy | Hospitals | InternalMedicine | PharmacyPractice | AnsysProducts | Figma(Software) | MySQL | Styling | Apparel | ManualTesting | jQuery |
Insights
There are no female-associated skills listed in the Transportation, Logistics, Supply Chain and Storage, Wholesale and Entertainment Providers.
Service-oriented skills appear more regularly in female entries across industries.
In Hospitals and Health Care, a clear gender divide emerges: female profiles repeatedly list Nursing, Nursing Management, and Emergency Nursing, emphasizing caregiving roles. In contrast, male profiles focus on more academic and research-based skills such as Clinical Research, Medicine, and Medical Education, with no mention of nursing.
In Retail, women highlight visual and styling-focused skills (Fashion Design, Fashion Illustration, Fashion Styling, Apparel, Styling), whereas men list backend systems like Tally ERP (also present in female skills), along with sales and store management skills.
Technical skills like React.js, Django, for both genders.
Skill difference between genders#
╒════╤═════════════════════════════════════╤══════════════╤══════════╤════════════════════════╕
│ │ Industry │ Rank+Skill │ Common │ Skill+Rank Match (%) │
│ │ │ Matches │ Skills │ │
╞════╪═════════════════════════════════════╪══════════════╪══════════╪════════════════════════╡
│ 0 │ Government Administration │ 5 │ 8 │ 50 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 1 │ Construction │ 3 │ 7 │ 30 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 2 │ Manufacturing │ 3 │ 6 │ 30 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 3 │ Administrative and Support Services │ 2 │ 6 │ 20 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 4 │ Retail │ 2 │ 3 │ 20 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 5 │ Accommodation and Food Services │ 1 │ 6 │ 10 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 6 │ Consumer Services │ 1 │ 9 │ 10 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 7 │ Education │ 1 │ 6 │ 10 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 8 │ Professional Services │ 1 │ 4 │ 10 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 9 │ Technology, Information and Media │ 1 │ 6 │ 10 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 10 │ Hospitals and Health Care │ 0 │ 3 │ 0 │
├────┼─────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 11 │ Financial Services │ 0 │ 9 │ 0 │
╘════╧═════════════════════════════════════╧══════════════╧══════════╧════════════════════════╛
Insights
Government Administration shows the highest overlap, with 5 out of 8 skills appearing in the same order, reflecting a 50% skill-rank match and suggesting shared priorities across genders in this sector.
Construction and Manufacturing follow with a 30% match, indicating some alignment in the types and prioritization of skills among men and women. Industries like Retail, Administrative and Support Services, and Professional Services show lower alignment (10–20%), suggesting differing gendered skill emphases.
Notably, Hospitals and Health Care and Financial Services have a 0% match, meaning none of the top-ranked skills for females align in rank with those for males, pointing to starkly different role specializations or career paths across genders in these sectors.
Skills Penetration Pooled by Industry (2017-2023)#
Insights
Nepal shows lower skill penetration than the global average across all categories.
