Indicator: 8.2.1
Goal: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Target: Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
Indicator: 8.2.1: Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person
Institutional information
Organization(s):
ILO
Concepts and definitions
Definition:
Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person conveys the annual percentage change in real Gross Domestic Product per employed person.
Concepts:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): It is the main measure of national output, representing the total value of all final goods and services within the System of National Accounts (SNA) production boundary produced in a particular economy (that is, the dollar value of all goods and services within the SNA production boundary produced within a country’s borders in a given year). According to the SNA, “GDP is the sum of gross value added of all resident producer units plus that part (possibly the total) of taxes on products, less subsidies on products, that is not included in the valuation of output … GDP is also equal to the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured at purchasers’ prices, less the value of imports of goods and services GDP is also equal to the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units.”
Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Real GDP refers to GDP calculated at constant prices, that is, the volume level of GDP, excluding the effect of inflation and favouring comparisons of quantities beyond price changes. Constant price estimates of GDP are calculated by expressing values in terms of a base period. In theory, the price and quantity components of a value are identified and the price in the base period is substituted for that in the current period.
Employment: All persons of working age who, during a short reference period (one week), were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit.
Rationale:
Real GDP per employed person being a measure of labour productivity, this indicator represents a measure of labour productivity growth, thus providing information on the evolution, efficiency and quality of human capital in the production process.
Economic growth in a country can be ascribed to many factors, including increased employment and more effective work by those who are employed. This indicator casts light on the latter effect, therefore being a key measure of economic performance. Labour productivity (and growth) estimates can support the formulation of labour market policies and monitor their effects. They can also contribute to the understanding of how labour market performance affects living standards.
Comments and limitations:
Output measures are obtained from national accounts and represent, as much as possible, GDP at market prices for the aggregate economy. However, despite common principles that are mostly based on the United Nations System of National Accounts, there are still significant problems in international consistency of national accounts estimates, based on factors such as differences in the treatment of output in services sectors, differences in methods used to correct output measures for price changes (in particular, the use of different weighting systems to obtain deflators) and differences in the degree of coverage of informal economic activities.
Data on employment used in the denominator of this indicator refer, as much as possible, to the average number of persons with one or more paid jobs during the year. That is, the reliability of the employment data is also dependent on the degree of coverage of informal activities by the statistical source used.
Methodology
Computation method:
Real GDP per employed person = GDP at constant prices/Total employment
The numerator and denominator of the equation above should refer to the same reference period, for example, the same calendar year.
If we call the real GDP per employed person “LabProd”, then the annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person is calculated as follows:
Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person
= ((LabProd in year n) – (LabProd in year n-1))/((LabProd in year n-1)) x 100
Treatment of missing values:
- At country level:
Multivariate regression techniques are used to impute missing employment values at the country level.
For further information on the estimates, please refer to the the ILO modelled estimates methodological overview, available at https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/TEM.pdf
- At regional and global levels:
Regional aggregates:
To address the problem of missing data, the ILO designed several econometric models which are used to produce estimates of labour market indicators in the countries and years for which real data are not available. The employment data derived from the ILO modelled estimates are used to produce estimates on labour productivity. These models use multivariate regression techniques to impute missing values at the country level, which are then aggregated to produce regional and global estimates. For further information on the estimates, please refer to the the ILO modelled estimates methodological overview, available at https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/TEM.pdf.
Sources of discrepancies:
Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level:
See:
Estimates and projections of labour market indicators (http://www.ilo.org/empelm/projects/WCMS_114246/lang--en/index.htm)
ILO Guidebook - Decent Work and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Guidebook on SDG Labour Market Indicators (https://www.ilo.org/stat/Publications/WCMS_647109/lang--en/index.htm)
ILO Manual – Decent Work Indicators, Concepts and Definitions – Chapter 1, Economic and social context for decent work http://www.ilo.org/integration/resources/pubs/WCMS_229374/lang--en/index.htm (second version, page 214)
Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization http://www.ilo.ch/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_230304/lang--en/index.htm
System of National Accounts 2008 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp
Trends Econometric Models: A Review of Methodology http://www.ilo.org/empelm/pubs/WCMS_120382/lang--en/index.htm
ILOSTAT Database (https://ilostat.ilo.org/)
ILOSTAT Database – Topics - Labour productivity (https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity/).
Quality assurance:
Data sources
Description:
Output measures used in the numerator of this indicator (Gross Domestic Product) are best obtained from the production side of national accounts and represent, as much as possible, GDP at market prices for the aggregate economy (adjusted for inflation, in constant prices).
Employment data used in the denominator are preferably derived from labour force or other household surveys with an employment module. In the absence of a household survey, establishment surveys, administrative records or official estimates based on reliable sources can be used as well as population censuses. It is however important to note that employment data from establishment surveys will capture the number of jobs and not the number of persons employed as preferred for the denominator. Also, establishment surveys cover, in many cases, the formal sector and employers and employees only, not accounting for the whole economy.
When calculating this indicator, it is important to ensure that the coverage of the employment data is consistent with that of the national accounts.
Collection process:
For the purposes of international reporting on the SDG indicators, the ILO uses country-level estimates of GDP in constant 2010 US$ from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database and country-level estimates on employment from household surveys or derived from the ILO’s TEM to calculate levels and growth rates of labour productivity at the country, regional and global levels.
Data availability
Description:
Time series:
Data for this indicator is available as of 2000 in the SDG Indicators Global Database, but time series going back to 1991 and including projections up to 2024 are available in ILOSTAT.
Disaggregation:
No disaggregation required for this indicator.
Calendar
Data collection:
Data release:
ILO estimates of labour productivity are part of the ILO modelled estimates series, analysed in the ILO's World Employment and Social Outlook reports. The ILO estimates are released once a year (January).
Data providers
National statistical offices, and in some cases labour ministries or other related agencies.
Data compilers
ILO.
References
ILO Guidebook - Decent Work and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Guidebook on SDG Labour Market Indicators (https://www.ilo.org/stat/Publications/WCMS_647109/lang--en/index.htm)
Estimates and projections of labour market indicators (http://www.ilo.org/empelm/projects/WCMS_114246/lang--en/index.htm)
ILO Manual – Decent Work Indicators, Concepts and Definitions – Chapter 1, Economic and social context for decent work http://www.ilo.org/integration/resources/pubs/WCMS_229374/lang--en/index.htm (second version, page 2149)
Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization http://www.ilo.ch/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_230304/lang--en/index.htm
System of National Accounts 2008 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp
Trends Econometric Models: A Review of Methodology http://www.ilo.org/empelm/pubs/WCMS_120382/lang--en/index.htm
ILOSTAT Database (https://ilostat.ilo.org/)
ILOSTAT Database – Topics - Labour productivity (https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity/).