SDMX Metadata Concepts

Indicator: 12.b.1

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Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Target: 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products

Indicator: 12.b.1 Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism sustainability

Institutional information

Organization(s):

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Concepts and definitions

Definition:

The indicator “Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism sustainability” relates to the degree of implementation in countries of the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) and the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA) tables that are to date considered most relevant and feasible for monitoring sustainability in tourism. These tables are:

  • TSA Table 1 on inbound tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 2 on domestic tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 3 on outbound tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 4 on internal tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 5 on production accounts of tourism industries
  • TSA Table 6 domestic supply and internal tourism consumption
  • TSA Table 7 on employment in tourism industries
  • SEEA table water flows
  • SEEA table energy flows
  • SEEA table GHG emissions
  • SEEA table solid waste

The TSA tables should be implemented following the Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008 and the environmental tables should be implemented following the System of Economic-Environmental Accounting 2012.

Concepts:

The concepts and template presentation tables related to Tourism Satellite Accounts can be found in the Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008 (TSA: RMF 2008) which provides the common conceptual framework for constructing a TSA. It adopts the basic system of concepts, classifications, definitions, tables and aggregates of the System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA 2008). The UN Statistical Commission took note of the TSA: RMF 2008 document at its 39th session (26-29 February 2008). It updates and replaces the previous TSA:RMF 2000 which was approved by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its 31st session (29 February-3 March 2000).

The concepts and template presentation tables related to water, energy, GHG emission and solid waste can be found in System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Central Framework is an international statistical standard for measuring the environment and its relationship with the economy. It contains an internationally agreed set of standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables to produce internationally comparable statistics. The UN Statistical Commission adopted the SEEA Central Framework at its 43rd session (28 February – 2 March 2012).

Rationale:

The UNWTO Committee on Statistics[1], the leading international group in tourism statistics composed of experts from countries and international organizations, has since 2016 identified important difficulties with the original indicator:

  • The indicator does not track the target well.
  • The indicator is not statistically based. There is no internationally agreed statistical framework or concepts/definitions that can be applied to “sustainable tourism strategies or policies and implemented action plans”.
  • It is not clear what the relationship/boundary is between the three different instruments mentioned: “strategies”, “policies”, and “implemented action plans”. For example, a tourism master plan may contain elements of all three - would this count as 1 or 3?
  • There is no statistical infrastructure in place in countries for collecting this information, and it would seem difficult to develop it due to the above mentioned issues;
  • The absence of internationally agreed definitions on these concepts and of related statistical processes would mean that data collection, should it take place, would be affected by each country respondent’s interpretation of the terms “strategies”, “policies”, and “implemented action plans”. This would be accentuated by the fact that country officials would need to be asked to self-assess their countries’ situation, leading to a significant respondent bias.

It is thus proposed to focus on the target ("develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable [tourism])” and monitor the stage of implementation in countries of the main accounting tools to date for the international monitoring of key sustainability aspects of tourism which are:

  1. countries’ Tourism Satellite Account based on the Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008 (TSA: RMF 2008) and
  2. countries’ water, energy, GHG emissions and waste accounts based the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA).

This yields a statistically-based indicator for monitoring target 12.b. by tracking the degree of implementation in countries of the TSA and SEEA tables that are most relevant and feasible for monitoring sustainability in tourism.

This is in line with the Measuring the Sustainability of Tourism (MST) programme of work launched by UNWTO with the support of UNSD which includes the Statistical Framework for Measuring the Sustainability of Tourism (SF-MST) currently under development as requested by the UN Statistical Commission in its 48th Session (7-10 March 2017)[2]. The SF-MST integrates tourism statistics with other economic, social and environmental information and provides a coherent base for deriving indicators that are relevant for monitoring and analysing the sustainability of tourism. Development of SF-MST is also supported by the UNWTO General Assembly[3], the highest international body in tourism.

MST is led by the Working Group of Experts on MST, set up jointly by UNWTO and UNSD, which reports to the UNWTO Committee on Statistics. MST has a special sub-group on SDG indicators, led by Statistics Austria, which advices the UNWTO Committee on Statistics on how to best monitor tourism within the SDGs and has been active in the preparation of this metadata.

1

The Committee is composed of experts in tourism statistics from countries and international and supranational organizations such as ILO, WTO, OECD and Eurostat. The Committee is a statutory body of UNWTO and reports to the UNWTO General Assembly and also to the UN Statistical Commission which officially recognizes it as the group of country experts on tourism statistics. 

More information on the mandate, composition and activities of the Committee can be found at: http://statistics.unwto.org/content/committee-statistics-and-tourism-satellite-account. ↑

2

Decision 48/115 on Tourism Statistics in the Report on the forty-eighth session of the UN Statistical Commission: E/2017/24-E/CN.3/2017/35. Decision 50/115 on Environmental-economic accounting of the fiftieth session of the UN Statistical Commission: E/2019/24-E/CN.3/2019/34.. ↑

Comments and limitations:

The indicator in principle does not account for varying degrees of consolidation (from experimental to full-fledged) in the implementation of TSA and SEEA which might differ considerably between countries.

Methodology

Computation method:

Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism sustainability = total number of tables produced by countries out of the tables identified below:

  • TSA Table 1 on inbound tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 2 on domestic tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 3 on outbound tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 4 on internal tourism expenditure
  • TSA Table 5 on production accounts of tourism industries
  • TSA Table 6 domestic supply and internal tourism consumption
  • TSA Table 7 on employment in tourism industries
  • SEEA table water flows
  • SEEA table energy flows
  • SEEA table GHG emissions
  • SEEA table solid waste

Treatment of missing values:

n/a

  • At country level:

n/a

  • At regional and global levels:

n/a

Regional aggregates:

n/a

Sources of discrepancies:

Discrepancies might arise from the varying degrees of consolidation in the implementation of TSA and SEEA in countries.

Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level:

In relation to the TSA, the methodology is described in the Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008. UNWTO, in collaboration with UNSD, is currently developing a Compilation Guide for the TSA that will be available for all countries in the course of 2020.

In relation to the SEEA, the methodology is described in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Central Framework.

Quality assurance:

Data will be verified by UNWTO and any issues will be resolved through written communication with countries. In the case of the availability of TSA tables, it would also be possible to cross-validate with the information reported to UNWTO on SDG indicator 8.9.1 (Tourism Direct GDP) and the indicators collected via UNWTO´s annual data collection. The availability reported on SEEA tables can also be cross-checked with information available to UNSD.

Data sources

Description:

The indicator is sourced from countries’ Tourism Satellite Account and Environmental-Economic Accounts.

Collection process:

UNWTO sends a short questionnaire to countries to obtain information on the number of relevant TSA and SEEA tables produced by countries.

Data availability

Description:

While SEEA and TSA tables are currently not compiled everywhere, ALL countries are able to provide information on this indicator. Those States where no tables are compiled report a value of zero (0). In the first data collection exercise initiated in 2019, UNWTO received over 100 country responses. These include countries in all regions. The data has already been uploaded on the SDG Global Database.

Time series:

Data is available from 2008 onwards.

Disaggregation:

Disaggregation of the different TSA tables and SEEA tables (water flows, energy flows, GHG emissions and solid waste), and disaggregation by standard (TSA and SEEA), will be possible.

Calendar

Data collection:

The exercise to collect data on TSA and SEEA tables implementation directly from countries through a UNWTO questionnaire was launched in August 2019 for the data available up to the end of the previous year.

Data release:

First release will be in February 2020.

Data providers

For the TSA: National Statistics Offices and/or National Tourism Administrations.

For the SEEA: National Statistics Offices and/or environment ministries.

Data compilers

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) with input and in coordination with the UN Statistics Division especially with respect to the SEEA data.

References

URL:

https://www.unwto.org/methodology

https://seea.un.org/content/seea-central-framework

References:

Commission of the European Communities, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations and World Tourism Organization (2010), Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008

System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)