SDMX Metadata Concepts

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0.a. Goal

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

0.b. Target

Target 17.5: Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries

0.c. Indicator

Indicator 17.5.1: Number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including the least developed countries

0.d. Series

Number of countries with an outward investment promotion scheme which can benefit developing countries, including LDCs

0.e. Metadata update

2023-07-10

0.g. International organisations(s) responsible for global monitoring

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

1.a. Organisation

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

2.a. Definition and concepts

Definition:

The indicator provides the number of countries that have adopted and implemented investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including least developed countries (LDCs).

Concepts:

Investment promotion regimes can be defined as those instruments that directly aim at encouraging outward or inward foreign investment through particular measures of the home or host countries of investment.

Investment promotion regimes for LDCs are those instruments that home countries of investors have put in place to encourage outward investment in LDCs directly or through measures intended for developing countries.

Home country refers to donor countries that put in place investment promotion regimes to encourage outward investment which can benefit developing countries, including LDCs.

Foreign direct investment involves a long-term relationship and reflects a lasting interest and control by a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that of the foreign direct investor (FDI enterprise or affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate).

Adoption means that a country has put in place such a system i.e. through the formal adoption of a law, regulation or programme to encourage investment in developing countries, including LDCs.

Implementation means that a country has actually started to promote individual investments in developing countries, including LDCs, on the basis of the relevant legislation.

Instruments used under investment promotion regimes include investment guarantees, financial or fiscal support for outward investors. Besides these legal instruments, countries often also provide information and other advisory and investment facilitation services for their outward investors.

Investment guarantee is an insurance, offered by governments of the home country or other institutions, to investors to protect against certain political risks in host countries, such as the risk of discrimination, expropriation, transfer restrictions or breach of contract.

2.b. Unit of measure

Number of countries

2.c. Classifications

Target economies and their numerical codes applied as in the UNCTADStat and in line with the ISO 3166-1 standard and the Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (M49) of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).

3.a. Data sources

Data sources include the following:

● Survey responses on investment guarantee schemes for outward investment in LDCs specifically or developing countries in general;

● Survey responses on fiscal or financial support for outward investors in LDCs specially or developing countries in general;

● Internet research carried out by UNCTAD to complement survey responses. UNCTAD research complements survey responses in cases where information from official government websites confirms that an outward investment promotion scheme is in place, but the concerned country has not responded to the survey.

3.b. Data collection method

Preliminary data are collected through the following means:

● An in-depth online questionnaire circulated to SDG focal points in statistical offices worldwide;

● Internet research carried out by UNCTAD;

The agency in charge of outward investment promotion may vary across countries depending on the national structure. The SDG focal points are encouraged to route the questionnaire to the relevant counterparts at the country level, e.g. national ministries of investment, industry, economic development, or outward investment promotion agencies.

3.c. Data collection calendar

Annual data collection in Q4 of the year preceding the reporting.

3.d. Data release calendar

Annual release, in Q1 of the reporting year.

3.e. Data providers

Data providers include national ministries, outward investment promotion agencies and other international organisations.

3.f. Data compilers

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) will compile the national data to report it globally.

3.g. Institutional mandate

UNCTAD is the focal point for international investment issues within the United Nations system. Through this survey, UNCTAD seeks to collect data relevant to measure indicator 17.5.1 specifically, which refers to the efforts made by member States of the United Nations to promote outward investment to developing countries, including least developed countries (LDCs).

4.a. Rationale

Target 17.5 aims to adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for the least developed countries (LDCs). For the purpose of target 17.5, it is necessary to find out how many countries have put in place investment promotion regimes that may benefit LDCs directly. Therefore, SDG indicator 17.5.1, the number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including least developed countries, has been selected onto the indicator framework to assess the achievement of this target.

4.b. Comment and limitations

SDG indicator 17.5.1 calls for the measurement of both adoption and implementation of investment promotion regimes. The adoption of investment promotion regimes for LDCs is an important yet not sufficient means for strengthening the global partnership for the SGDs (Goal 17). Subsequent implementation of these regimes is necessary for making the tool effective. However, getting comprehensive and reliable data on the implementation stage (i.e. how many investments in LDCs have actually been promoted through the promotion regime?) will be difficult. These data are usually not publicly available. However, to some extent, data may exist in aggregate form (see below).

Furthermore, UNCTAD research indicated that many developed countries and some emerging economies have national investment promotion regimes in place that encourage investment abroad. Usually, however, these promotion regimes are available for outward investment in any country – not only for investment in LDCs or other developing economies. Some types of investment policy tools can be more country-specific, like bilateral investment treaties (BITs). The indicator reporting started with preliminary estimates covering BITs, relying on comprehensive and country specific UNCTAD data on BITs. Over the past decade, broad consensus formed on the need to reform the BIT regime. UNCTAD provides detailed policy guidance to support the reform action of countries and regions. Data on the actual number of countries with an outward FDI promotion scheme that can benefit developing countries, including LDCs, constitutes a more accurate measurement for this indicator.

4.c. Method of computation

The proposed computation method includes the following in the compilation of SDG indicator 17.5.1:

  1. Target countries of outward investment promotion regimes

The indicator methodology covers both:

  • Specific investment promotion regimes targeted for LDCs only;
  • Investment promotion regimes for developing countries in general, including LDCs.

The measurement should include outward investment promotion regimes that do not exclude developing countries. Only this approach ensures getting a full picture of outward investment promotion with LDCs as beneficiaries, which is better aligned with Target 17.5. By contrast, limiting the research to specific promotion regimes for LDCs only would result in partial information, because the number of LDCs that receive support through investment promotion regimes for all developing countries is likely to be much higher than the number of LDCs that benefit from LDC-specific promotion regimes. Therefore, both types are included when identifying the countries that have adopted and implemented investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including least developed countries.

  1. Types of outward investment promotion regimes

Based on consultations and feasibility studies on what types of investment promotion regimes to look at, the following methodology is suggested:

Countries use various means to promote foreign investment abroad (see above “Concepts”). Indicator 17.5.1 will focus on the legal investment instruments, since relevant information is – to various degrees - usually publicly available, and thus feasible to compile.

Information is less frequently available on informal and ad-hoc means of outward investment promotion, such as advisory services. The availability of reliable information on such measures would vary greatly across countries. Thus, including such information would hamper the international comparability of the indicator.

To be included in the number of countries that have adopted and implemented investment promotion regimes, the existence of at least one type of promotion instrument (e.g. an investment guarantee scheme or financial support for outward investment that can benefit developing countries, including LDCs) would be sufficient.

  1. Adoption vs. implementation of outward investment promotion regimes

Consultations and feasibility studies were carried out on whether – in addition to the existence of an outward investment promotion regime, i.e., whether such tools were signed or otherwise adopted – it would also be feasible to examine as to what extent the regime was actually implemented, i.e., whether the regime is in force or even if an LDC actually benefitted from it, e.g., by receiving a foreign investment promoted by an investment guarantee. It was concluded to focus the research on the adoption of a promotion system as such Otherwise information on the actual stage of implementation in individual countries is usually not publicly available; scattered data about the situation in some countries could not provide a comprehensive and reliable picture of the overall situation. However, it may be possible to come up with some aggregate data at the regional or global level (see below).

  1. Coverage of home countries of outward investment promotion regimes

There is also a question of which countries should be included in the measure as home countries of outward investment promotion regimes. The indicator will not only include measures put in place by developed countries but also by emerging economies, thus measuring South-South cooperation in this respect in addition.

4.d. Validation

UNCTAD’s research is complemented by annual surveys to ensure the accuracy of the reported information (see 4.f). The information collected through internet research is then verified with the national authorities.

4.e. Adjustments

The 2023 survey included new questions on the criteria for accessing the investment promotion schemes.

4.f. Treatment of missing values (i) at country level and (ii) at regional level

• At country level

UNCTAD’s research complements annual surveys in cases where information from official government websites confirms that an outward investment promotion scheme is in place, but the concerned country has not responded to the survey.

• At regional and global levels

In order to calculate regional and global levels, missing data may be estimated using information from international sources (e.g. OECD and UNCTAD databases).

Such data may only be available in an aggregated form.

4.g. Regional aggregations

As explained under data sources, UNCTAD will combine data collected from national authorities with information sourced from international databases and Internet research, as necessary. Once country data have been completed and verified with member States, the indicator will be calculated by aggregating the country data within a specific sub-region, region and globally. Each country that has at least one type of investment promotion regime in place that supports LDCs either directly or through measures intended for developing countries will be counted once for indicator 17.5.1.

4.h. Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level

UNCTAD has published guidance documents specifically on outward investment promotion, related definitions and data:

• The UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub provides definitions and data at: https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/

● Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development, New York and Geneva, 2015.

● Outward Investment Agencies: Partners in Promoting Sustainable Development, IPA Observer No. 4 – 2015.

● Promoting investment in the sustainable development goals, Investment Advisory Series, Series A, number 8, 2019.

● Handbook on outward investment agencies and institutions, New York and Geneva, 1999.

Specific guidance for countries on how to compile data at the national level is contained in the questionnaire that UNCTAD has developed and sent to outward investment promotion agencies.

4.i. Quality management

To manage the quality of the indicator data, UNCTAD works in close collaboration with member States international investment policies and their reform, the provision of technical assistance and intergovernmental meetings as part of UNCTAD’s broader mandate in this area.

4.j. Quality assurance

The data received from member States will go through a thorough validation process. Once the information has been validated and information from additional sources incorporated, any questions for clarification or proposals are shared with member States for their review.

4.k. Quality assessment

Work continues to improve reporting on the type of outward investment regimes, as well as the eligibility criteria to access those schemes, jointly with member States.

5. Data availability and disaggregation

Data availability:

Currently, results are available based on a detailed online questionnaire on existing outward investment promotion regimes which can benefit developing countries, including LDCs. Replies have been received from 35 countries. The answers received vary considerably in their degree of substance and detail.

Further data will be available on the government websites of home countries. In 2022, in-house internet research provided information on 15 additional countries.

Time series:

In light of the change in the metric utilized for the measurement of this indicator in 2023, the baseline year is 2022. Data on international investment agreements (IIA) concluded with LDCs, which constituted the original measurement for this indicator, can still be accessed on UNCTAD’s IIA navigator, at: https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements

Disaggregation:

Indicator 17.5.1 can be disaggregated by type of investment promotion regimes that home countries adopt for developing countries, including LDCs (e.g. investment guarantees, fiscal and financial aid and investment facilitation).

A geographical breakdown of the adoption of investment promotion schemes would also be possible.

6. Comparability/deviation from international standards

Sources of discrepancies:

As mentioned above, countries have different outward investment promotion regimes in operation. Differences exist concerning:

● the specificity of the system (does it target exclusively investment in LDCs or investment in any developing country?);

● the type and number of investment promotion instruments (investment guarantees, fiscal or financial support, IIAs);

● the degree of investment promotion (how much support does the individual promotion measure provide?), and

● the actual impact of the investment promotion regime (how many investments have been made under the promotion regime and what effect do they have in the LDCs?).

Indicator 17.5.1 measures the number of countries that have an investment promotion regime in place which can benefit developing countries, including LDCs. Counting this number cannot provide a complete picture of the content and impact of these regimes. Likewise, it does not differentiate between countries with different types of regimes – except for the distinction between countries that promote outward investment in LDCs through an LDC-specific promotion system and those with a more general promotion regime. Therefore, disaggregation of the indicator should be gradually increased as more data become available. Further work to measure the “implementation” of investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including LDCs, could be pursued in the longer-term.